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You can search the entire site. or go to the recent opinions, or the chronological or subject indices. In Re Necessity for the Hospitalization of Joan K. (4/6/2012) sp-6660
Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER .
Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
In the Matter of the Necessity )
for the Hospitalization of ) Supreme Court No. S-13800
)
JOAN K. ) Superior Court No. 4FA-10-00080 PR
)
) O P I N I O N
)
) No. 6660 - April 6, 2012
Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska,
Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Paul R. Lyle, Judge.
Appearances: Douglas Moody, Assistant Public Defender,
and Quinlan Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage, for
Joan K. Laura C. Bottger and Laura F. Fox, Assistant
Attorneys General, Anchorage, and John J. Burns, Attorney
General, Juneau, for State of Alaska.
Before: Carpeneti, Chief Justice, Fabe, Winfree, and
Stowers, Justices. [Christen, Justice, not participating.]
WINFREE, Justice.
STOWERS, Justice, dissenting.
I. INTRODUCTION
An adult woman diagnosed with a mental illness appeals her already
completed 30-day involuntary commitment to Alaska Psychiatric Institute (API), arguing
the evidence did not support the superior court's findings that: (1) she was likely to
cause harm to herself or others due to her mental illness; and (2) API was the least
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restrictive alternative placement for her. Because our existing case law provides that an
evidentiary-based "weight of the evidence" challenge to a completed involuntary
commitment is moot absent accompanying legal issues appropriate for decision under
the mootness doctrine's public interest exception, we asked the parties to submit
supplemental briefing on mootness. As a result, we now confront a question not directly
raised in our earlier cases: should our application of the mootness doctrine in this
context accommodate the importance of collateral consequences arising from an
involuntary commitment? We answer that question "yes" and therefore reach the merits
of this appeal. On the merits, we affirm the superior court's involuntary commitment
order.
II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
In February 2010 Joan K. disappeared from her mother's house.1 Three
weeks later Joan's mother received a telephone call from an unknown woman saying
Joan was "confused or impaired" and should be picked up. Joan's mother found Joan
and brought her to Fairbanks Memorial Hospital (FMH). Emergency room staff
examined Joan and found her "very confused"; she also tested positive for amphetamines
and cocaine. Joan was admitted to the psychiatric ward, where she had been voluntarily
hospitalized twice in November 2009.
The next day a FMH staff physician applied for an ex parte order
authorizing Joan's involuntary hospitalization for a mental health evaluation.2 The
1 We use a pseudonym to protect Joan's identity.
2 See AS 47.30.710(b) (authorizing hospitalization if mental health
professional "has reason to believe that the respondent is (1) mentally ill and that
condition causes the respondent to be gravely disabled or to present a likelihood of
serious harm to self or others, and (2) is in need of care or treatment," and requiring
application for an ex parte order if no judicial order has been obtained under AS
(continued...)
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superior court granted the application. Dr. Victor Bell, a psychiatrist, observed Joan over
the course of five days. Dr. Stephen Parker, a psychologist, also observed Joan on two
occasions. Neither Dr. Bell nor Dr. Parker contacted Joan's family or the psychiatrist
who had previously treated Joan for a short time.
The superior court held a 30-day commitment hearing on March 1, 2010.3
The court found that Joan had bipolar disorder and that this mental illness altered her
perception of reality, causing Joan to use drugs. The superior court found she was
therefore likely to cause serious harm to herself through illegal drug use. The court
stressed that Joan was "not being detained because she [was] a drug addict."
The superior court also found that as a result of her mental illness Joan was
likely to cause harm to others, based on an incident at FMH and evidence of her unstable
emotions. The court said Joan might "present aggressively out in the public in front of
lay people who may not know of [Joan's] mental disability and who may react violently
or who may be hurt by her, may not know how to talk her down and certainly are not
going to have drugs available [such as Valium] to ameliorate her mood as was true here."
The superior court found no less restrictive facility than API would
adequately protect Joan and the public. Finding Joan had refused voluntary treatment,
the court ordered her committed to API for a period not to exceed 30 days. Although the
record does not indicate when API actually released Joan, 30 days from her commitment
date was April 1, 2010.
Joan appeals the superior court's 30-day commitment order.
2 (...continued)
47.30.700).
3 See AS 47.30.730-.735 (setting forth requirements for 30-day commitment
petition and 30-day commitment hearing).
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III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mootness is a matter of judicial policy and its application is a question of
law.4 We adopt the rule of law that is "most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and
policy."5 We review fact findings in involuntary commitment proceedings for clear
error, reversing only if we are left with a "definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been made."6 We review related questions of law de novo, "including whether the fact
findings meet the statutory standards for involuntary commitment."7
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Mootness And Collateral Consequences
1. Framing the issue
In Wetherhorn v. Alaska Psychiatric Institute we established that
commitment-order appeals based on assertions of insufficient evidence are moot if the
commitment period has passed, subject to the public interest exception.8 Because Joan's
post-release appeal from the superior court's commitment order is based on an assertion
of insufficient evidence and neither Joan nor the State discussed mootness in their
original briefs, we ordered supplemental briefing on that issue.
4 In re Tracy C. , 249 P.3d 1085, 1089 (Alaska 2011) (quoting Clark v. State,
Dep't of Corr. , 156 P.3d 384, 386 (Alaska 2007)).
5 Olson v. State, 260 P.3d 1056, 1059 (Alaska 2011) (quoting Guin v. Ha,
591 P.2d 1281, 1284 n.6 (Alaska 1979)).
6 In re Tracy C. , 249 P.3d at 1089 (quoting Wetherhorn v. Alaska Psychiatric
Inst. , 156 P.3d 371, 375 (Alaska 2007)).
7 E.P. v. Alaska Psychiatric Inst., 205 P.3d 1101, 1106 (Alaska 2009) (citing
Wetherhorn, 156 P.3d at 375).
8 156 P.3d at 380-81. See also E.P., 205 P.3d at 1106-08.
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In her supplemental briefing, Joan suggests we should overrule Wetherhorn
because it mistakenly focused on release from commitment, rather than vacating the
commitment order, as the relief sought in a commitment-order appeal. She also argues
the public interest exception to mootness applies because "[u]nless this court reviews
commitment orders for sufficiency of the evidence, the masters and trial court judges
hearing these cases will have no standards by which to measure the cases before them."
Finally, she argues that we should adopt the collateral consequences exception to
mootness in commitment-order appeals. The State responds that Wetherhorn mandates
dismissal of Joan's appeal as moot because: (1) the public interest exception to mootness
does not apply; and (2) Joan has not established any actual collateral consequences
resulting from her commitment order.
We ordered oral argument on the mootness question, directing that the
parties be prepared to discuss the authority and appropriateness of issuing a vacatur order
to remedy possible collateral consequences arising from an otherwise-moot commitment
order.9
2. We decline to consider overturning Wetherhorn, but we adopt
the collateral consequences exception to mootness in this
context.
a. Issues not considered
9 See Camreta v. Greene, 131 S. Ct. 2020, 2035 (2011) ("The point of
vacatur is to protect an unreviewable decision 'from spawning any legal consequences,'
so that no party is harmed by what we have called a 'preliminary' adjudication." (quoting
United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U.S. 36, 40-41 (1950))); Peter A. v. State, Dep't
of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children's Servs., 146 P.3d 991, 994-96 (Alaska 2006)
(finding equity requires vacatur of challenged order when prevailing party's unilateral
actions below resulted in issue becoming moot); City of Valdez v. Gavora, Inc., 692 P.2d
959, 960-61 (Alaska 1984) (vacating judgment because it was moot and to prevent it
having later legal effect).
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In response to our supplemental briefing order, Joan asserts that in
Wetherhorn we "erred in focusing on the period of the commitment rather than the relief
that Wetherhorn sought" when we held that an evidentiary-based challenge to a
completed commitment is generally moot. Joan asserts the true relief Wetherhorn sought
was vacating the "gravely disabled" finding; although not expressly stating it, she
suggests the true relief she seeks is vacating the finding that she is a danger to herself or
others.
Our order for supplemental briefing did not anticipate questioning
Wetherhorn's fundamental holding, nor did Joan address the standards we impose for
overturning our precedent.10 We therefore do not consider overturning Wetherhorn's
holding that an evidentiary-based challenge to a completed 30-day commitment
generally is moot.
Joan also argues her evidentiary-based appeal of her 30-day commitment
should be considered under the public interest exception to mootness. She contends that
given her bipolar disorder, she is likely to face future commitment proceedings and the
issues of this case are likely to be repeated. She also contends we "must provide
guidance to the trial courts" on the evidence necessary to meet the legal standards for:
(1) finding someone a danger to self or others; and (2) least restrictive treatment
alternatives. In connection with this latter argument, Joan cursorily asserts in her
supplemental opening brief that her statutory right to appeal her commitment order is
10 See, e.g., State v. Carlin, 249 P.3d 752, 756 (Alaska 2011) ("We will
overturn one of our prior decisions only when we are 'clearly convinced that the rule was
originally erroneous or is no longer sound because of changed conditions, and that more
good than harm would result from a departure from precedent.' " (quoting Pratt &
Whitney Can., Inc. v. Sheehan, 852 P.2d 1173, 1175-76 (Alaska 1993))).
-6- 6660
----------------------- Page 7-----------------------
"meaningless" if we choose not to review the order.11 Although Joan's interpretation of
the statute as overriding the judicial policy of not deciding moot cases appears
overbroad, we do not need to address this argument, or her overall public interest
exception argument, because we agree with Joan that we should adopt the collateral
consequences exception to mootness in this context and consider the merits of her
appeal.12
b. Collateral consequences exception to mootness
Joan notes that several other courts have applied the collateral
consequences exception to mootness in the involuntary commitment context. She points
to social stigma,13 adverse employment restrictions,14 application in future legal
proceedings,15 and restrictions on the right to possess firearms16 as recognized
consequences from involuntary commitment orders. She argues we should adopt the
11 See AS 47.30.765 (providing that a "respondent has the right to an appeal
from an order of involuntary commitment").
12 We therefore do not address the dissenting opinion's discussion of the
statute.
13 In re Alfred H.H. , 910 N.E.2d 74, 84 (Ill. 2009) (citing In re Splett, 572
N.E.2d 883, 885 (Ill. 1991)); State v. Lodge, 608 S.W.2d 910, 912 (Tex. 1980); State v.
J.S. , 817 A.2d 53, 55-56 (Vt. 2002).
14 Alfred H.H. , 910 N.E.2d at 84.
15 Id. ("[A] reversal [of commitment order] could provide a basis for a motion
in limine that would prohibit any mention of the hospitalization during the course of
another proceeding."); In re Hatley , 231 S.E.2d 633, 634-35 (N.C. 1977) (stating
evidence of prior commitment order could be used to attack capacity of witness, to
impeach witness, to attack character of defendant, and in subsequent commitment
proceedings).
16 In re Walter R. , 850 A.2d 346, 349 (Me. 2004) (citing 18 U.S.C. §
922(g)(4) (2000)).
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collateral consequences exception to mootness and urges us to do so without adopting
case-specific requirements; she contends a commitment proceeding will not focus on
future collateral consequences and the record available for appellate review will be
inadequate. Joan also argues that when we decline to review the merits of involuntary
commitment orders, we should vacate them rather than leaving them in place.
The State acknowledges there are collateral consequences from an
involuntary commitment order, but argues that: (1) an exception from the general rule
of mootness requires a case-specific analysis; and (2) Joan has not established any actual
collateral consequences arising from her involuntary commitment order. At oral
argument the State also argued that certain collateral consequences from an involuntary
commitment order, such as restrictions on the right to possess a firearm, are important,
and we therefore should consider an appeal's merits rather than simply vacate the
underlying commitment order.
We have previously recognized that the collateral consequences doctrine
"allows courts to decide otherwise-moot cases when a judgment may carry indirect
consequences in addition to its direct force, either as a matter of legal rules or as a matter
of practical effect."17 Both Joan and the State have articulated sound reasons to adopt the
17 Peter A. v. State, Dep't of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children's Servs. ,
146 P.3d 991, 994-95 (Alaska 2006) (internal quotation and citation omitted). See also
id. (discussing other cases where court held issue was not moot based on potential
collateral consequences); Martin v. Dieringer , 108 P.3d 234, 236 (Alaska 2005) (holding
petition to remove personal representative of estate was not moot because findings were
used to dismiss related civil suit based on collateral estoppel); Graham v. State, 633 P.2d
211, 213 (Alaska 1981) (holding driver's license revocation was not moot because
collateral consequences of revocation "may be substantial," including higher insurance
rates and adverse employment consequences); E.J. v. State , 471 P.2d 367, 368-70
(Alaska 1970) (holding child's claim he was improperly adjudicated as delinquent not
moot even though adjudication was later declared void ab initio because child's records
(continued...)
-8- 6660
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doctrine, at least to some extent, in the involuntary commitment order context.
We conclude that there are sufficient general collateral consequences,
without the need for a particularized showing, to apply the doctrine in an otherwise-moot
appeal from a person's first involuntary commitment order. But we do note that some
number of prior involuntary commitment orders would likely eliminate the possibility
of additional collateral consequences, precluding the doctrine's application.18
3. Joan's commitment order is reviewable under the collateral
consequences exception to mootness.
Based on our adoption of the collateral consequences exception to mootness
in the involuntary commitment order context, we agree that Joan's commitment order,
her first, is reviewable.
B. Merits of Joan's Appeal
1. Legal framework
To involuntarily commit someone to a treatment facility for up to 30 days,
a court must first find, by clear and convincing evidence, that the person "is mentally ill
and as a result is likely to cause harm to [self] or others or is gravely disabled."19
17 (...continued)
were easily obtainable by others such as school authorities, social workers, judges at
sentencing, military, and prospective employers).
18 See, e.g., Bigley v. Alaska Psychiatric Inst. , 208 P.3d 168, 172-73 (Alaska
2009) (describing " 'revolving door' pattern of arrest, hospitalization, release, and
relapse" and noting respondent had been admitted to API at least 68 times).
19 AS 47.30.735(c). "Mental illness" is defined in AS 47.30.915(12) as "an
organic, mental, or emotional impairment that has substantial adverse effects on an
individual's ability to exercise conscious control of the individual's actions or ability to
perceive reality or to reason or understand; mental retardation, epilepsy, drug addiction,
and alcoholism do not per se constitute mental illness, although persons suffering from
(continued...)
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Although the statute does not define "harm," we have found AS 47.30.915(10)
relevant,20 defining "likely to cause serious harm" as when a person:
(A) poses a substantial risk of bodily harm to that
person's self, as manifested by recent behavior causing,
attempting, or threatening that harm;
(B) poses a substantial risk of harm to others as
manifested by recent behavior causing, attempting, or
threatening harm, and is likely in the near future to cause
physical injury, physical abuse, or substantial property
damage to another person; or
(C) manifests a current intent to carry out plans of
serious harm to that person's self or another[.]
The court must also consider whether a less restrictive alternative would
provide adequate treatment.21 Alaska Statute 47.30.915(9) defines "least restrictive
alternative" as treatment conditions that:
(A) are no more harsh, hazardous, or intrusive than
necessary to achieve the treatment objectives of the patient;
and
19 (...continued)
these conditions may also be suffering from mental illness."
20 E.P., 205 P.3d at 1110 (holding that because E.P. is "risking harm from [his
own] affirmative action[, w]e conclude that E.P.'s continued intent to huff gas, as a result
of his impaired judgment and understanding, meets the standards of AS
47.30.915(10)(A) and (C) . . . .").
21 See AS 47.30.655(2) (noting principle of modern mental health care "that
persons be treated in the least restrictive alternative environment consistent with their
treatment needs"); AS 47.30.735(d) ("If [at a 30-day commitment hearing] the court
finds that there is a viable less restrictive alternative available and that the respondent has
been advised of and refused voluntary treatment through the alternative, the court may
order the less restrictive alternative treatment for not more than 30 days if the program
accepts the respondent.").
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(B) involve no restrictions on physical movement nor
supervised residence or inpatient care except as reasonably
necessary for the administration of treatment or the protection
of the patient or others from physical injury[.]
As discussed below, we affirm the superior court's findings by clear and
convincing evidence that Joan suffered from a mental illness and that as a result she
posed a substantial risk of bodily harm to herself under AS 47.30.915(10)(A).22 We
therefore do not need to discuss the evidence or the superior court's finding that Joan
posed a substantial risk of harm to others.
2. Expert witness testimony
Dr. Bell testified Joan suffered from bipolar disorder, a serious mental
illness which caused Joan to suffer mixed emotional states with manic elements,
depressed elements, and psychotic manifestations. Joan told Dr. Bell that she could
sense other people's feelings, that Fairbanks was the center of the galaxy and the
separation point between heaven and hell, and that she was responsible for maintaining
the balance between heaven and hell. Joan also told him he was prescribing the wrong
medicines because she needed amphetamines and OxyContin to deal with the stress of
sensing others' thoughts. Dr. Bell was unable to determine whether Joan had organic
brain damage because her manic bipolar disorder symptoms prevented a complete
examination. Dr. Bell thought Joan had been abusing drugs for the three weeks she
disappeared because her admission drug screens were positive for amphetamines and
cocaine and because she appeared to be in a state of "lethargy or torpor," which typically
follows prolonged stimulant abuse.
22 Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that produces "afirm belief or
conviction" that the asserted fact is true. In re Johnstone , 2 P.3d 1226, 1234 (Alaska
2000) (quoting Buster v. Gale , 866 P.2d 837, 844 (Alaska 1994)) (emphasis added).
-11- 6660
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Dr. Bell was primarily concerned Joan would harm herself by further illegal
drug use. He thought Joan would use drugs if she left the hospital because she believed
she needed amphetamines and OxyContin to manage the stress associated with her
delusions. Dr. Bell testified that using illegal substances in Joan's mental state would
make her thought process "so completely disorganized" that she would not "know what
she was doing." Using drugs would also cause "further de-stabilization of [Joan's]
mental and mood state, which would aggravate her ability to conform . . . to reasonably
safe behaviors."
Dr. Bell testified there was not a less restrictive facility than API that could
meet Joan's needs. He testified Joan needed a "very secure mental health unit" that
would "very closely control[]" her and provide "a lot of emotional support, with careful
control of her sleep pattern and regular appetite." Dr. Bell thought Joan would "need a
long period of treatment, though it could be concluded within 30 days were she to accept
medication reliably and begin to understand how drugs and alcohol impact on the
exacerbation of her mental illness."
Dr. Parker testified he had not personally diagnosed Joan, but her records
indicated she had bipolar disorder and a history of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder, polysubstance abuse, and alcohol abuse. In Dr. Parker's opinion, Joan was at
risk of causing herself bodily harm through drug use if she were not committed. He said
Joan's mental stability "can change very rapidly" due to her bipolar disorder. He also
noted she had disappeared for three weeks and used drugs prior to her hospital
admission. Dr. Parker testified Joan locked herself in a bathroom and threatened to blow
herself up in November 2009. When the superior court asked what danger, if any, illegal
drug use posed for Joan, Dr. Parker replied it would not be "good for the system" and
was "self-destructive," but he could not say it posed "imminent danger." Dr. Parker
acknowledged Joan had not expressed suicidal ideations after her February hospital
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admittance, nor did she directly indicate any intent to harm herself or others.
Like Dr. Bell, Dr. Parker testified there was not a less restrictive facility
than API that could meet Joan's needs. Dr. Parker thought Joan needed to come out of
her current manic episode and return to her baseline before release, otherwise she would
continue her "uncontrolled manic behavior" and substance abuse. Dr. Parker noted that
the day before the hearing nurses had to medicate Joan after an incident at the nurses'
station. He also thought outpatient treatment was not a viable option for Joan because
outpatient psychiatry or psychology requires patients to "have some kind of insight on
their behavior and some . . . sort of consistency of behavior." Joan had denied to him
that she had any mental illness or needed treatment; due to her lack of insight, Dr. Parker
thought it "very unlikely" Joan would follow through with outpatient treatment even if
she said she would. Dr. Parker also testified that for a family wrap-around plan or 24-
hour surveillance by a family member to work Joan would have to agree, and Joan
changed her mind too frequently for such plans.
3. Substantial risk of harm to self
Joan does not contest the superior court's finding of a mental illness. Joan
instead contends the superior court erred by finding that due to her mental illness she was
likely to cause harm to herself, arguing: (1) there was no evidence illegal drug use
physically harmed her and she did not make affirmative statements that she would use
illegal drugs if released; and (2) she did not manifest a current intent to carry out a plan
to seriously harm herself.23
23 Cf. AS 47.30.915(10)(A), (C).
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We decided a similar issue in E.P. v. Alaska Psychiatric Institute .24 E.P.
had a history of inhaling gasoline fumes and other substances to get high (huffing),25
which caused organic brain damage.26 He was involuntarily committed to API several
times and "maintained that, if discharged from API, he [would] likely go back to
huffing."27 We held E.P.'s organic brain damage was "a condition apart from, and more
than, his drug addiction" and met the statutory definition of "mental illness" under AS
47.30.915(12).28 We also held the evidence supported the multiple masters' reports and
superior court orders, which found huffing gas damaged E.P.'s brain and E.P. would
continue huffing gas if released.29 Thus "E.P.'s continued intent to huff gas, as a result
of his impaired judgment and understanding, [met] the standards of AS 47.30.915(10)(A)
and (C)."30 "E.P.'s intent to huff gas constitute[d] intent to cause himself bodily harm,
and . . . result[ed] from his mental illness."31 Here, the superior court expressly stated
it was not finding Joan was likely to harm herself based on drug addiction alone. The
superior court noted E.P., and, as we did in E.P., distinguished Joan's case "from one in
which an addicted person with full mental capacity chooses to continue abusing harmful
24 205 P.3d 1101.
25 Id. at 1103.
26 Id. at 1104.
27 Id.
28
Id. at 1109.
29 Id. at 1110.
30 Id.
31 Id. at 1110-11.
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substances, no matter how unwise one might consider that choice."32 The superior court
stated:
I find that [Joan] is suffering from a mental illness.
She has bipolar disorder, which according to Dr. Bell's
testimony, renders her unable to perceive reality. Her bipolar
disorder is manifesting itself in psychosis right now. She is
feeling that she is experiencing the feelings of other people,
both close and far away, that Fairbanks is at the center point
between heaven and hell and that she is responsible for
maintaining balance between heaven and hell and keeping the
universe centered.
She has advised Dr. Bell that she believes that she
must take [amphetamines] and oxycontin to manage the
stresses that are caused by her current situation; that is, by the
fact that she is responsible for balancing the equal point
between heaven and hell. . . .
[Joan] is not being detained because she is a drug
addict. She is taking drugs because of her perception of
reality caused by her bipolar disorder and . . . she's being
detained because her mental illness is causing her to take the
drugs.
The superior court's finding is amply supported by Dr. Bell's testimony.
The superior court also heard evidence that illegal drug use would "pose
a substantial risk of bodily harm" to Joan by exacerbating her mental illness.33 Dr. Bell
testified if Joan used illegal drugs in her current mental state, her thought process would
get "so completely disorganized" that she would not "know what she was doing." Illegal
drug use would also cause "further de-stabilization of [Joan's] mental and mood state,
which would aggravate her ability to conform . . . to reasonably safe behaviors." In
32 Id. at 1111.
33 See AS 47.30.915(10)(A).
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short, Dr. Bell's testimony supported the conclusion that Joan's continued illegal drug
use would exacerbate her mental illness and cause a self-destructive downward spiral of
her mental and physical health.
Finally, the superior court heard evidence regarding Joan's "recent behavior
causing, attempting, or threatening" harm to herself by illegal drug use.34 Although Dr.
Bell and Dr. Parker both acknowledged Joan neither articulated a desire to harm herself
nor did so beyond using illegal drugs, both thought she would continue using illegal
drugs if she were not committed. Joan's emergency room toxicology report showed
traces of amphetamines and cocaine in her system. Dr. Bell testified Joan showed
symptoms of "lethargy or torpor" that follow stimulant abuse. Dr. Bell also testified Joan
showed symptoms of opioid withdrawal. The plain text of AS 47.30.915(10)(A) directs
courts to consider "recent behavior" and does not, as Joan argues, require affirmative
statements regarding future drug use.35 Even if affirmative statements were required,
Joan told Dr. Bell he was prescribing the wrong medicines because she needed
amphetamines and OxyContin.36 This is sufficient to support the superior court's finding
that Joan was likely to continue using illegal drugs if released.
Based on these findings, the superior court did not err by finding clear and
convincing evidence that, under AS 47.30.735 and AS 47.30.915(10)(A), Joan was likely
34 Id.
35 E.P. did not hold that affirmative statements were required to find someone
likely to cause serious harm. We relied on evidence of E.P.'s statements that he would
return to huffing, but we did not suggest such statements were required as a matter of
law. See E.P., 205 P.3d at 1110-11.
36 Joan asserts that at the time of the hearing she "would not have felt the need
to take illegal drugs" because she had been taking medication for several days. No
evidence provided at the hearing supports this contention.
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to cause harm to herself due to her mental illness.
4. Least restrictive alternative placement
An important principle of civil commitment in Alaska is to treat persons "in
the least restrictive alternative environment consistent with their treatment needs."37
Joan argues the superior court erred in finding commitment to API would
be the least restrictive alternative placement. Joan also contends no testimony supported
a finding that she refused outpatient treatment or a home placement, particularly in light
of Dr. Bell's and Dr. Parker's decisions not to contact her family or prior psychiatrist to
ask about Joan's potential success in such alternative settings. Joan's second argument
reflects a misunderstanding of the superior court's findings - the court found outpatient
treatment was not a viable option, and therefore the lack of evidence that Joan refused
voluntary outpatient treatment is irrelevant.
The superior court found there was "[n]o less restrictive facility [that]
would adequately protect [Joan] and the public." The court explained:
API is an appropriate treatment facility, that there is no less
restrictive facility that would adequately protect the
respondent and the public at this time. The reason for that
finding is Dr. Parker's testimony that in order for a family
wraparound to work or 24-hour surveillance by a family to
work, she would have to agree to it and he has witnessed her
changing her mind rapidly about what she will do and what
she will not do. So, I can't trust that committing her to her
family's care would be a less restrictive alternative that would
likely work for her.
The record supports the superior court's finding.
First, Dr. Bell and Dr. Parker both testified there was no less restrictive
facility than API that could meet Joan's needs. Dr. Bell testified Joan needed a "very
37 AS 47.30.655(2).
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secure mental health unit" that would "very closely control[]" her and provide "a lot of
emotional support, with careful control of her sleep pattern and regular appetite." Dr.
Bell thought Joan "need[ed] a long period of treatment, though it could be concluded
within 30 days were she to accept medication reliably and begin to understand how drugs
and alcohol impact on the exacerbation of her mental illness." Dr. Parker testified Joan
needed to come out of her current manic episode and return to her baseline before being
released, otherwise she would continue her "uncontrolled manic behavior" and substance
abuse.
Second, Dr. Parker testified outpatient psychiatry or psychology require a
patient stable enough to have insight into one's behavior and some "sort of consistency
of behavior." Joan was not stable because she had changeable emotions and could
change her mind "from one minute to the next." Joan also lacked perspective regarding
her bipolar disorder, denying she had any mental illness or needed treatment. Because
of Joan's lack of insight, Dr. Parker thought it "very unlikely" she would follow through
with outpatient treatment even if she said she would.
The superior court did not err by finding API was the least restrictive
placement.
V. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the superior court's involuntary commitment order on its
merits.
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STOWERS, Justice, dissenting.
In Wetherhorn v. Alaska Psychiatric Institute,1 we considered the
constitutionality of Alaska's statutory provisions that govern the circumstances whereby
the State can involuntarily commit a person with mental illness for 30 days in order to
evaluate and treat that person. Wetherhorn provides the legal context in which to
consider Joan's case.
One of the orders that Wetherhorn appealed was the superior court's order
approving her involuntary commitment for 30 days. We began our discussion by
observing that "[t]he United States Supreme Court has characterized involuntary
commitment for a mental disorder as a 'massive curtailment of liberty' that cannot be
accomplished without due process of law."2 We emphasized the Supreme Court's
"repeated admonition that, given the importance of the liberty right involved, a person
may not be involuntarily committed if they 'are dangerous to no one and can live safely
in freedom.' "3 We explained that the Supreme Court has determined "before a person
can be involuntarily committed, the [trial] court must find in addition to mental illness
either: (1) that the person presents a danger to self or others; or (2) that the person is
'helpless to avoid the hazards of freedom either through his own efforts or with the aid
of willing family members or friends.' "4 We stated:
The two findings required in addition to a finding of mental
illness are each aimed at different types of harm. The first
finding, of "danger to self or others," is concerned with active
forms of harm, where the respondent has demonstrated the
1 156 P.3d 371 (Alaska 2007).
2 Id . at 375-76 (quoting Humphrey v. Cady , 405 U.S. 504, 509 (1972)).
3 Id . at 377 (quoting O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 575 (1975)).
4 Id . at 376 (quoting O'Connor, 422 U.S. at 575 & n. 9).
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affirmative ability or inclination to inflict harm to self or
another person. The second finding is concerned with a more
passive condition, whereby the respondent is so unable to
function that he or she cannot exist safely outside an
institutional framework due to an inability to respond to the
essential demands of daily life.[5]
We then analyzed the Alaska statute that correlates with the requisite
findings for both types of harm. We explained:
Alaska statutes address both types of harm. Alaska Statute
47.30.735(c) permits the court to "commit the respondent to
a treatment facility for not more than thirty days if it finds, by
clear and convincing evidence, that the respondent is mentally
ill and as a result is likely to cause harm to the respondent or
others or is gravely disabled."[6]
We emphasized the importance of the "clear and convincing" standard of
7
proof. We noted that another Supreme Court case, Addington v. Texas , "was concerned
with the standard of evidentiary proof required in civil commitment statutes."8 We
explained that Addington held that the standard of proof:
must be greater than the preponderance of evidence standard
but less than the beyond a reasonable doubt standard. As
Addington noted, "[i]ncreasing the burden of proof is one way
to impress the factfinder with the importance of the decision
and thereby perhaps to reduce the chances that inappropriate
commitments will be ordered."[9]
5 Id .
6 Id . (emphasis added).
7 441 U.S. 418, 426 (1979).
8 Wetherhorn, 156 P.3d at 378 n.26.
9 Id. at 378 (quoting Addington , 441 U.S. at 427, 431-33) (emphasis added).
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As I will show, in Joan's case the superior court unfortunately failed to give
meaning to the heightened "clear and convincing" standard of proof. Now, doubly
unfortunate, this court also fails to meaningfully apply this heightened standard on
review. In my view, the evidence adduced against Joan was conclusory and speculative,
and may not have satisfied even the lower preponderance of the evidence standard.
Because Joan was involuntarily committed to the Alaska Psychiatric Institute (API) by
evidence that was far less than clear and convincing, I respectfully dissent from the
opinion of the court.
I.
In order to involuntarily commit Joan to API for 30 days, the superior court
was required to find by "clear and convincing" evidence that she was "likely to cause
harm to [herself] or others" due to her mental illness,10 meaning she posed "a substantial
risk of bodily harm" to herself or others "as manifested by recent behavior causing,
attempting, or threatening harm," or by "a current intent to carry out plans of serious
harm."11 The superior court was also required to consider whether a less restrictive
alternative was available.12 I urge the reader to carefully parse and weigh Dr. Bell's and
Dr. Parker's testimony in light of these statutory standards as measured by the mandated
standard of proof: clear and convincing evidence.
A.
Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that produces "afirm belief or
10 AS 47.30.735(c) (emphasis added).
11 AS 47.30.915(10) (emphasis added).
12 See AS 47.30.655(2); AS 47.30.735(d).
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----------------------- Page 22-----------------------
conviction about the existence of a fact to be proved."13 Here, the State's experts
Dr. Parker and Dr. Bell offered equivocal, speculative, and conclusory opinions on the
issues of whether Joan posed a substantial threat of harm to herself or others and whether
a less restrictive alternative was available.
Dr. Parker testified that Joan was "potentially a risk to herself" due to her
unstable emotional state (emphasis added), but admitted Joan had not directly expressed
any intent to harm herself or anyone else during her present hospitalization and had not
actually harmed herself or anyone else, other than by using drugs. When asked what
danger, if any, Joan posed to herself based on the fact that she had used illegal substances,
Dr. Parker responded, "amphetamines aren't good for the system, but . . . I can't say
there's some imminent danger from that. It's certainly self-destructive, but . . . plenty of
people engage in self-destructive behavior." (Emphasis added.)
Dr. Bell testified that Joan had the "potential to cause harm" to herself and
others due to her unstable emotions and "excessive anger," and "speculate[d] " that her
anger was one of the reasons she had a bruise around her eye.14 (Emphasis added.) When
asked if he was aware of any recent threats or attempts to harm herself, Dr. Bell testified
that Joan had not expressed any desire to harm herself and had done nothing to
purposefully harm herself during her present hospitalization, other than the evidence of
her drug use. He testified the harm from using illegal substances would be a "further
destabilization" of Joan's mental and emotional state; he could not determine whether
Joan had suffered any organic brain damage as a result of drug use. Dr. Bell testified, "I
13 In re Johnstone , 2 P.3d 1226, 1234 (Alaska 2000) (quoting Buster v. Gale ,
866 P.2d 837, 844 (Alaska 1994)).
14 When Joan was admitted to Fairbanks Memorial Hospital for her initial
evaluation, she had a bruise around her eye. The record does not reveal what caused the
bruise.
-22- 6660
----------------------- Page 23-----------------------
think if she leaves the hospital, [Joan] would go out and do drugs" in order to control the
stress caused by her belief that she is responsible for keeping the universe centered.
(Emphasis added.)
"Likely" is defined as "an equivalent to probably ."15 "Probable" is defined
as "likely to be or become true or real."16 "Possible" is defined as "being something that
may or may not occur" and "being something that may or may not be true or actual."17
"Potentially" is the adverb form of "potential," which is defined as "existing in
possibility" and "capable of development into actuality."18 Garner explains that
"probable; likely; possible" "in order of decreasing strength - express gradations of the
relative chance that something might happen."19 When an expert witness testifies that
something is "possible" or "potential," or that something "might" be true or "might"
occur, or that he "thinks" it might, this indicates a lesser chance that something is true or
likely than if the expert testified that it was "probable" - "probable" in this sense
meaning more likely true than not true. Certainly testimony that something is "possible"
or "potential" does not establish the truth or likelihood of the thing - here specifically
a "substantial risk" of causing harm to self or others - and certainly not by clear and
convincing evidence, that is, a "firm belief or conviction" that the substantial risk of harm
15 BRYAN A. GARNER , GARNER 'S MODERN AMERICAN USAGE 514 (2009).
16 WEBSTER 'S NINTH NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 937 (1987).
17 Id . at 918.
18 Id . at 921.
19 BRYAN A. GARNER , A DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN LEGAL USAGE 693 (2d.
ed. 1995).
-23- 6660
----------------------- Page 24-----------------------
existed.20
Based on this speculative and conclusory evidence, and on our decision in
E.P. v. Alaska Psychiatric Institute ,21 the superior court "found that Joan had bipolar
disorder and that Joan's mental illness altered her perception of reality. This caused Joan
to use drugs, and she was therefore likely to cause serious harm to herself through illegal
drug use."22 But the court stressed that Joan was "not being detained because she [was]
a drug addict."
This court also relies on E.P. in affirming the superior court's finding. But
E.P. is manifestly distinguishable from Joan's case in several respects - there was clear
evidence that E.P. was addicted to huffing gas, that his addiction had caused organic brain
damage resulting in dementia and personality disorder, and that he intended to continue
20 This discussion is not about semantics. Trial and appellate courts know that
there are real and important differences in standards of proof; much turns on whether
something is proved by the correct quantum of proof. An injured plaintiff can win a civil
tort case by proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant was negligent
and that negligence proximately caused the plaintiff's harm. But the State cannot win
a murder trial by a preponderance of the evidence, or even by clear and convincing
evidence: the State's burden is to prove that the defendant committed the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt. I also emphasize that I do not suggest the superior court would have
been justified to order involuntary commitment if the State's doctor witnesses had simply
opined that they had a "firm belief or conviction" that Joan was likely to harm herself:
it is the evidence underlying their opinions - or rather the lack thereof - that fails the
clear and convincing standard. The doctors' conclusory and equivocal testimony simply
highlights the weakness of the evidence. Given the great "importance of the liberty right
involved" and the "massive curtailment of liberty" when a citizen is involuntarily
committed to a mental institution, courts must give careful and exacting attention to the
evidence presented by the State to ensure that it meets the high threshold of clear and
convincing before depriving a citizen of her liberty.
21 205 P.3d 1101 (Alaska 2009).
22 Slip op. at 3.
-24- 6660
----------------------- Page 25-----------------------
huffing gas if released.23 Unlike in E.P., there is no evidence that Joan was addicted to
any drugs, that her drug use had caused or would likely cause substantial bodily harm
such as organic brain damage, and she never expressed a clear intent to continue using
drugs if released. Of greater significance are the concessions by both doctors that Joan
had not directly expressed any intent to harm herself or anyone else during her present
hospitalization and had not actually harmed herself or anyone else, other than by using
drugs. It almost appears that the main reason underlying Joan's involuntary commitment
was that she had abused drugs.
Though Joan's case is unlike E.P.'s case, E.P. reveals several relevant
principles. We cautioned in E.P. that the statutory definition of "mental illness" does not
include "drug addiction" in and of itself24 - and by necessary implication mental illness
also does not include mere drug use and abuse, even if such abuse is harmful. We
explained:
We distinguish [E.P.'s] case from one in which an addicted
person with full mental capacity chooses to continue abusing
harmful substances, no matter how unwise one might consider
that choice. In such a case, the person's intent to harm himself
by abusing substances results from drug addiction alone,
which the legislature excluded from the definition of "mental
illness." In [E.P's] case, E.P.'s decision to harm himself by
abusing substances results from his brain damage, and
therefore meets the statutory standards.[25]
It is undisputed that Joan has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, thus meeting
the statutory definition of mental illness. But there was no evidence that Joan was
23 205 P.3d at 1104-05, 1110.
24 Id. at 1109 (quoting AS 47.30.915(12) ("drug addiction [and] alcoholism
do not per se constitute mental illness")).
25 Id . at 1111.
-25- 6660
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addicted to drugs; rather, it appears that she was simply an abuser of these harmful
substances. There was also no evidence that Joan's drug use was caused by any organic
brain damage, or even by her bipolar disorder. Joan's case thus appears to fall
somewhere between the case of a person "with full mental capacity" (i.e., no mental
illness) and E.P's case where he suffered organic brain damage from huffing gas and it
was his brain damage that caused him to continue to huff gas. Dr. Parker's and Dr. Bell's
testimony attempted to relate the risk of harm they argued Joan may cause to herself by
her use of drugs to the potentially deleterious effect that these drugs could have on her
mental condition. The superior court and this court rely on this testimony to conclude that
Joan's case is like E.P.'s case and is not the kind of case that would be excluded because
of the limiting definition of "mental illness" and the distinguishing example quoted above
from E.P .26 I am unconvinced. Joan cannot legally be involuntarily committed merely
because she suffers from bipolar disorder. Nor can she legally be involuntarily committed
merely because she abuses drugs, or even because her abuse of drugs would be harmful
in the same way that drug abuse would be harmful to "an addicted person with full mental
capacity."27 Rather, in order to legally involuntarily commit Joan, there must be clear and
convincing evidence that as a result of her mental illness she is likely to cause harm to
herself or others.28 For the reasons explained above, I believe the evidence is insufficient
26 Id .
27 See id.
28 Wetherhorn v. Alaska Psychiatric Inst., 156 P.3d 371, 376 (Alaska 2007)
("Alaska Statute 47.30.735(c) permits the court to 'commit the respondent to a treatment
facility for not more than thirty days if it finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that
the respondent is mentally ill and as a result is likely to cause harm to the respondent or
others . . . .' " ) (quoting O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 575 & n. 9 (1975))
(emphasis added).
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----------------------- Page 27-----------------------
to support the superior court's finding by a clear and convincing standard of proof that
Joan posed "a substantial risk of bodily harm" to herself or others.29
B.
Both doctors also dismissed the possibility of a less restrictive alternative
for Joan, even though they had not explored alternative options. Dr. Parker and Dr. Bell
testified that they never communicated with any of Joan's family members to see if they
could provide a wraparound plan for her. And even though Joan had previously been
treated by Dr. Baker, a psychiatrist, neither doctor contacted Dr. Baker to discuss Joan's
condition or to see if Dr. Baker could further treat Joan as an alternative to commitment
to a psychiatric institution. Dr. Bell testified he did not know whether Joan would be an
appropriate candidate for voluntary treatment, but he did not believe a less restrictive
alternative would meet her needs because she was "liable to erupt with labile [i.e.,
changeable] emotions" and it was "possible she could injure another person in that state
of mind." (Emphasis added.) Dr. Parker testified that he believed less restrictive options
would not work for Joan because of her unstable temperament and because she had not
acknowledged that she had a mental illness. Notwithstanding this testimony, the superior
court found there were no less restrictive alternatives for Joan.
I start with the proposition that a mentally ill person's belief that she is not
mentally ill cannot be the measure by which a court finds that there are no less restrictive
alternatives; nor can a doctor's testimony that a person might display changeable
emotions or "possibly" cause harm. Of greater significance, it is illogical and insufficient
for a doctor to opine that there are no less restrictive alternatives when the doctor has
done nothing to evaluate any less restrictive alternative. The doctors were aware, or
should have been aware, that Joan was brought to the hospital by her mother. They were
29 AS 47.30.735(c); AS 47.30.915(10) (emphasis added).
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----------------------- Page 28-----------------------
aware that Dr. Baker had previously provided psychiatric treatment to Joan. Their failure
to contact family and Dr. Baker or to explore any other possible alternative should have
caused the superior court to conclude that the State, which bears the burden of proof,
failed to prove that there were no less restrictive alternatives.
In Wetherhorn we said:
[We] agree[d] with the Supreme Court of Washington that
"[i]t is not enough to show that care and treatment of an
individual's mental illness would be preferred or beneficial or
even in his best interests. Indeed, AS 47.30.730 does require
more than a best interests determination. For example, it
requires that the petition for commitment "allege that the
evaluation staff has considered but has not found that there
are any less restrictive alternatives available" . . . . As further
protection, the statute directs the court to make these findings
by "clear and convincing" evidence.[30]
Under these circumstances, where the testifying doctors utterly failed to make any effort
to contact Joan's prior treating physician or her family to explore less restrictive
alternatives, I believe the doctors' conclusory opinions are insufficient under any standard
of proof to support the superior court's finding that no less restrictive option was available
for Joan.
Because there was no clear and convincing evidence that Joan presented a
substantial risk of harm to herself or others, and that she was "helpless to avoid the
hazards of freedom . . . with the aid of willing family members or friends"31 or her prior
30 Wetherhorn, 156 P.3d at 378 (quoting In re LaBelle , 728 P.2d 138, 146
(Wash. 1986); and citing AS 47.30.730(a)(2) and (3) (emphasis added)).
31 Id. at 376 (quoting O'Connor, 422 U.S. at 575 & n.9).
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treating psychiatrist - in other words, that there were no less restrictive alternatives to
involuntary commitment - I would reverse the superior court's involuntary commitment
order.
II.
I also disagree with this court's resolution of the mootness question. The
court today recognizes for the first time that the collateral consequences doctrine will
permit an appeal of an otherwise moot order of involuntary commitment, provided that
no previous commitments have been ordered. The court hedges on whether it will
recognize in later cases the collateral consequences exception to the mootness doctrine
for persons who have been involuntarily committed more than once. While I agree that
collateral consequences justify not applying the mootness doctrine in involuntary
commitment cases, I would go farther: it is my view that the supreme court must accept
and decide on the merits every appeal of an order of involuntary commitment.
The mootness doctrine is a judicially constructed doctrine to give the courts
a means to avoid addressing cases that no longer present "live controversies."32 But the
Alaska Legislature has codified by statute the citizen's right to appeal a superior court
order for involuntary commitment, and rightly so. Alaska Statute 47.30.765
unambiguously provides that a "respondent has the right to an appeal from an order of
involuntary commitment." The statute's language could not be any plainer. I believe that
32 See, e.g., Green Party of Alaska v. State, Div. of Elections,
147 P.3d 728, 732 (Alaska 2006) ("Mootness functions as a doctrine of judicial restraint;
we generally refrain from deciding questions where events have rendered the legal issue
moot. A case is moot if 'it has lost its character as a present, live controversy.' "); see
also Fairbanks Fire Fighters Ass'n, Local 1324 v. City of Fairbanks , 48 P.3d 1165,
1167-68 (Alaska 2002) ("In most cases, mootness is found because the party raising an
appeal cannot be given the remedy it seeks even if the court agrees with its legal
position.").
-29- 6660
----------------------- Page 30-----------------------
the statute supplants the judicially created mootness doctrine in the limited circumstance
of involuntary commitment orders. This is similar to the situation where the legislature
supplants the common law with statutory law: the courts are bound to apply statutory law
that supersedes common law.33
The right to appeal is no right at all if it is merely the right to pay the filing
fee and file an appellate brief, only to be told that your appeal is moot and the court will
not reach the merits. Even though the respondent will in every case have already
completed her 30-day commitment by the time her appeal is ripe, and therefore the
supreme court could not undo the commitment if the respondent's commitment order
were wrongly issued, I contend that any order for involuntary commitment that is
erroneously issued remains a "live controversy" for the respondent for the remainder of
the respondent's life. Of first importance, the citizen's liberty has been alleged to have
been wrongfully taken by court process; the court should afford the citizen the
opportunity to prove the error and, if proven, obtain judicial acknowledgment that the
order was erroneously issued. Giving the citizen this opportunity will assure the citizen
that she will be heard, and that if a lower court has erred, that error will not go unnoticed
or unremedied, at least to the extent that the erroneous order will be reversed and vacated.
Public confidence in the judicial branch demands that we hold ourselves accountable.
Second, in this age of prevalent information mining, collection, and storage
into increasingly large, interconnected, and searchable data banks, the fact that a citizen
has been involuntarily committed to a mental institution will follow that individual for all
of her life. She should be given the means to effectively challenge that order through
appeal regardless of the fact that by the time her appeal is ripe for decision, the 30 days
33 See, e.g., Kodiak Island Borough v. Exxon Corp ., 992 P.2d 757, 761
(Alaska 1999) ("This [statutory] language evinces the legislature's intent to abrogate all
otherwise applicable common-law doctrines . . . .").
-30- 6660
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will have long since expired and she will have been released from State custody. The
injury inflicted by an erroneously issued order of involuntary commitment "lives" until
the wrong is righted. I am at a loss to understand how a citizen can be ordered to be
involuntarily committed for 30 days and be precluded from appealing this order merely
because it is practically impossible to perfect an appeal of an order that by its terms will
expire in 30 days.
Ending where I began, we - the Alaska Supreme Court - along with our
legislature and the United States Supreme Court, have recognized that "involuntary
commitment for a mental disorder [is] a 'massive curtailment of liberty' that cannot be
accomplished without due process of law."34 I believe that this court should accept every
appeal of an order of involuntary commitment as a matter of being faithful to the citizen's
right to due process of law. I also believe that, apart from considerations of due process,
where the legislature has codified the right to appeal, we have a duty to honor and give
real meaning to the law and to the right that it bestows.
34 Wetherhorn, 156 P.3d at 375-76 (quoting Humphrey v. Cady , 405 U.S. 504,
509 (1972)).
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